Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Most cases are caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Vaccination against HPV can prevent the majority of cervical cancers.
Types and Causes
The main types of cervical cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, which begins in the thin, flat cells lining the outer part of the cervix, and adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular cells of the cervical canal. In most cases, the cancer develops slowly over time after a long-lasting HPV infection causes changes in the cervical cells.
Risk Factors
Key factors that increase risk include early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking, a weakened immune system, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and not receiving the HPV vaccine.
The Importance of Screening
Because cervical cancer develops slowly, regular screening can find precancerous changes early. Guidelines recommend that women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 65 get an HPV test every 5 years. If an HPV test is not available, a Pap test every 3 years or a co-test every 5 years is recommended.
Recognizing Symptoms
In early stages, there are often no symptoms. As the cancer advances, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding between periods or after menopause, unusual vaginal discharge, pain during sex, and pelvic pain. Postmenopausal bleeding should always be evaluated by a doctor.
Diagnosis and Staging
If a screening test is abnormal, a doctor will perform a colposcopy to examine the cervix closely. A biopsy is then taken to confirm the presence of cancer. If cancer is found, imaging tests like CT or MRI scans are used to determine the stage of the disease.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. For very early-stage cancer, procedures like a LEEP or cone biopsy may be sufficient. For more advanced cancer, treatment often involves a combination of surgery, such as a hysterectomy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are used for cancer that has spread or returned.
Prevention
The most effective ways to prevent cervical cancer are getting the HPV vaccine, having regular screening tests, and not smoking. Using condoms during sex can also reduce the risk of HPV transmission.
Outlook
When detected early at a precancerous or localized stage, the 5-year survival rate for cervical cancer is very high. Continued follow-up care after treatment is essential to monitor for any recurrence. Support groups and counseling can provide valuable help in managing the emotional and physical challenges of a diagnosis.
Related topics:
