Globally, women are about twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with thyroid cancer. However, recent research suggests men face similar risks, and experts at Mayo Clinic emphasize that everyone should be aware of thyroid cancer symptoms and prevention.
The thyroid, a small gland located at the front of the neck, plays a key role in regulating metabolism. Thyroid cancer occurs when DNA changes cause abnormal cell growth in the thyroid. According to Global Cancer Observatory data, it ranks as the seventh most common cancer worldwide.
Most forms of thyroid cancer are treatable, often with minimally invasive surgery that may preserve healthy tissue. “While some rare types of thyroid cancer are aggressive and harder to treat, we’ve made significant progress in managing even the most challenging cases,” says Dr. Eric Moore, a head and neck surgeon at Mayo Clinic in Rochester.
The exact causes of thyroid cancer are often unclear, though exposure to high radiation levels—such as from head or neck treatments—can increase risk. Some types may also run in families.
Historically, higher diagnosis rates in women led to the perception that they were more susceptible. But recent data show that men and women face equal risks for advanced thyroid cancer. “Men are at risk, but they aren’t being diagnosed as frequently,” notes Dr. Victor Bernet, an endocrinologist at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville. One theory is that women may be more proactive about health checks, leading to earlier and more frequent detection.
Thyroid cancer often develops without obvious symptoms initially. As it grows, signs may include neck swelling, voice changes (such as hoarseness), pain in the neck or throat, and difficulty swallowing.
Treatment typically involves surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. The specific approach—such as a lobectomy (removing one lobe), total thyroidectomy, or lymph node dissection—depends on the cancer type, size, and spread. At Mayo Clinic, a multidisciplinary team including endocrinologists, surgeons, oncologists, and pathologists collaborates to create personalized treatment plans.
Mayo Clinic’ specialized clinic for advanced thyroid cancer focuses on complex cases, while ongoing research continues to improve understanding and outcomes for all stages of the disease.
