Adolescent drug abuse is a growing global public health concern. Early substance use is linked to a range of harmful outcomes. This study explores the long-term mental, physical, social, and legal consequences of illicit drug use during adolescence, focusing on psychiatric disorders and the influence of demographic factors such as cultural background and socioeconomic status.
Materials and Methods
A retrospective descriptive study was conducted at the “Ali Mihali” Psychiatric Hospital in Vlora, Albania, using clinical records from 2014 to 2024. The study included 312 individuals who began using substances between ages 12 and 18. Patients were evaluated through structured psychiatric interviews and standardized tools, including the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Data on mental, medical, and legal histories were collected from hospital records.
Results
The study identified a marked increase in early-onset substance use. Cannabis was the most commonly used drug, followed by cocaine and heroin. The average age of initiation ranged from 12 to 18, with 34.5% starting at 18. Psychiatric disorders were prevalent, including psychotic disorders (56.4%), bipolar disorder (21.8%), and personality disorders (17.9%). Physical health issues were reported in 39.7% of patients, including liver disease, respiratory problems, and infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV. Legal problems affected 14.4% of patients, involving drug trafficking and domestic violence.
Conclusions
Early drug use has lasting effects on mental health, physical well-being, and social functioning. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive, multisectoral strategies focused on prevention, early intervention, and rehabilitation.
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