When a doctor suspects bladder cancer, they will perform an examination and arrange several tests. These may include general health checks, tests to detect cancer, and scans to see whether it has spread to other parts of the body. Some of these tests may be repeated during or after treatment to monitor progress.
General health tests
Because the bladder is located close to the rectum and vagina, an internal examination may be needed. The doctor inserts a gloved finger into the rectum or vagina to feel for any abnormal areas. Although this test may feel uncomfortable or embarrassing, it only takes a few seconds. Sometimes, this step is done only after bladder cancer has been confirmed.
Blood tests may also be performed to assess overall health. You will be asked for a urine sample to check for signs of blood or infection. If blood appears in your urine, you might need to provide samples over three days for a urine cytology test, which looks for cancer cells.
Tests to detect bladder cancer
A cystoscopy is the main test used to confirm bladder cancer. This procedure allows the doctor to look directly at the lining of the bladder, known as the urothelium.
To gather more information about the condition, other tests may also be recommended. These can include an ultrasound before the cystoscopy, a tissue biopsy taken during the procedure, and imaging scans such as CT or MRI.
Before any scan, inform your doctor if you have allergies, have reacted to contrast dye in the past, or have other medical issues such as diabetes or kidney disease. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should also tell their doctor before undergoing these procedures.
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