esticular cancer is the most common cancer in young men and is highly treatable when detected early. Recognizing the signs and knowing how to check can lead to timely diagnosis and better outcomes. Men should regularly perform self-exams to look for lumps, swelling, or changes in their testicles, especially during warm showers when the scrotum is relaxed.
Early symptoms may be subtle or painless, which can delay diagnosis. If any abnormalities are found, it is important to see a doctor promptly. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the affected testicle, sometimes followed by chemotherapy or radiation, with high survival rates. Fertility preservation can be discussed before treatment begins. Even if found late, many cases can still be cured with appropriate care.
Who is at risk?
Testicular cancer mostly affects men under 45, with peak diagnosis in their late 20s and early 30s. Risk factors include family history, HIV infection, fertility problems, being white, and a history of cryptorchidism (undescended testicle). About 5 to 10% of men with testicular cancer had this condition, which is correctable with surgery during childhood.
Recognizing symptoms and how to self-check
Common signs include a painless lump or swelling in the testicle, feeling of heaviness or ache in the scrotum, or changes in testicle size. Men are encouraged to check each testicle monthly by rolling them gently between fingers during a warm bath or shower. Other symptoms may include lower back or abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, cough, or breathing difficulties if cancer spreads.
Treatment and prognosis
Treatment primarily involves surgery to remove the affected testicle, called an orchiectomy. Depending on the cancer stage, chemotherapy or radiation may be used. Many men opt for prosthetic testicles after surgery for cosmetic reasons. Some treatments can impact fertility, so sperm banking before therapy is recommended. With early detection, survival rates exceed 95% at five years. Advanced cases may require more intensive treatment but can still respond well.
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