As the leaves turn golden and temperatures drop, the United States braces for the 2025-26 respiratory virus season. COVID-19, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are expected to drive hospitalizations similar to last year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). While the risk remains significant, vaccination continues to be a key tool in preventing severe illness.
“Vaccines are not just about preventing infection,” said Dr. Mike Ren, assistant professor of family and community medicine at Baylor College of Medicine. “They reduce the risk of severe disease that can send people to the hospital or worse.”
Last season, preliminary CDC data show nearly 1 million flu hospitalizations with up to 130,000 deaths. COVID-19 caused approximately 540,000 hospitalizations and up to 63,000 deaths, highlighting the ongoing threat.
COVID-19 Vaccination Guidance
Who Should Get Vaccinated?
This year, COVID-19 vaccination is recommended through a “shared decision-making” process for anyone aged six months and older, including pregnant individuals. Unlike prior years, there is no universal federal booster recommendation. Patients are advised to consult healthcare providers—including physicians, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, or physician assistants—about risks and benefits.
Vaccine Types and Availability
Three vaccines are available in the U.S.: Pfizer (ages 5+), Moderna (6 months+), and Novavax (12+). Pfizer and Moderna use mRNA technology, while Novavax is protein-based. Vaccines are stocked at most pharmacies, doctor’s offices, and public health departments. CVS recently announced nationwide availability without prescriptions.
Timing and Cost
Experts recommend vaccination in October or early November, ensuring immunity before the holiday season. Insurance typically covers the cost; retail pharmacies charge approximately $220 without coverage.
Effectiveness and Co-administration
Recent studies indicate updated COVID-19 vaccines are about 39% effective against hospitalization and 64% against death. Vaccines can be administered alongside seasonal flu shots, though mild fatigue may be compounded if given together.
Influenza Vaccination
Eligibility and Schedule
The CDC recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone aged six months and older. Most adults require only one dose, while some children may need two spaced four weeks apart.
Timing and Effectiveness
Vaccines are most effective when administered before Thanksgiving. Effectiveness in 2024-25 ranged from 42% to 56% among adults. FluMist, the FDA-approved nasal spray flu vaccine, is now available for self-administration at home in 34 states for children aged 2+ and adults under 50.
Cost
With insurance, flu vaccines are generally covered. Retail prices range from $30 to $130 for high-dose options; home nasal spray delivery costs $8.99 for shipping, with medical screening included.
RSV Vaccination
Who Should Be Vaccinated?
RSV vaccines target adults 75+ and those 50-74 at higher risk. Infants may receive antibody shots, and pregnant women can pass protective antibodies to newborns. Vaccines generally provide protection for at least two years.
Timing and Cost
Optimal administration occurs in late summer to early fall for adults, September–January for pregnant individuals, and October–March for infants. Coverage is typically included with insurance; without coverage, costs may reach $350, though assistance programs exist.
Respiratory virus season underscores the ongoing importance of updated vaccines and preventive measures. By combining vaccination with healthy habits, individuals can significantly reduce the risk of severe illness and protect their communities.
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